Two phase HfB2 -SiB4 material

ABSTRACT

A two phase HfB 2  --SiB 4  material which is useful as a high  tempture oxidation resistant coating.

BACKGROUND

This invention relates to ceramic coatings and more particularly to ceramic coatings containing metal borides.

Boride materials are known to have good oxidation resistance, with HfB₂ considered to be the best pure boride for oxidation applications. It has been shown that the addition of 10 to 20 percent SiC to HfB₂ increases the oxidation resistance.

The HfB₂ --SiC materials are prepared by hot pressing powder mixtures. Hot pressing powder mixtures has limited ability to produce fine grained multiphase materials due to particle coarsening during the sintering process. Additionally, the purity of the final monolithic structure is limited to the purity of the starting powders.

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) offers a method of producing highly pure multiphase ceramics, with better control of microstructure. Researchers have tried to produce HfB₂ --SiC coatings by CVD but without success.

SUMMARY

Accordingly, an object of this invention is to provide a new ceramic material.

Another object of this invention is to provide a new high temperature oxidation resistant ceramic coating.

Yet another object of this invention is provide a new high purity, fine-grained, two phase ceramic coating.

These and other objects of this invention are accomplished by providing a two phase HfB₂ --SiB₄ ceramic material comprising from more than zero to less than 100 mole percent HfB₂ with the remainder of the ceramic material being SiB₄, the two phase HfB₂ --SiB₄ ceramic material is useful as a high temperature oxidation resistant coating.

The two phase HfB₂ --SiB₄ ceramic coating is produced by reacting (1) HfCl₄ with BCl₃ and (2) SiCl₄ with BCl₃ on a heated surface in a vacuum to produce the two phase HfB₂ --SiB₄ coating on the surface.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A more complete appreciation of the invention and many of its attendant advantages will be readily appreciated as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawing wherein:

FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) system for preparing the material of this invention;

FIG. 2 is a more detailed sectional view of the front portion of the CVD system where the reactions occur;

FIG. 3 is a SEM micrograph of a uniform two phase HfB₂ --SiB₄ ceramic coating which is discussed in example 1; and

FIG. 4 is a SEM micrograph of a nonuniform two phase HfB₂ --SiB₄ ceramic coating which is discussed in example 2.

DESCRIPTION

The present invention provides a new ceramic material that is a two phase HfB₂ --SiB₄ ceramic material having a HfB₂ phase and a SiB₄ phase. The two phase HfB₂ --SiB₄ ceramic material comprises from more than zero to less than 100, preferably from 50 to less than 100, more preferably from 60 to 90, and still more preferably from 70 to 80 mole percent HfB₂ with the remainder of the ceramic material being SiB₄. Preferably, the HfB₂ phase and the SiB₄ phase are uniformly distributed throughout the material. The major component phase forms a continuous phase or matrix into which the minor phase is dispersed. Finally, the grain sizes of the HfB₂ and the SiB₄ materials are preferably from about 1 to 10 microns. These are grain sizes that are typically produced by chemical vapor deposition processes.

The two phase HfB₂ --SiB₄ ceramic materials of this invention can be used as high temperature oxidation resistant coatings to protect materials such as graphite, metals, or ceramics which are otherwise vulnerable to high temperature oxidation. The coating thickness is preferably from about 1 to about 1000 and more preferably from 10 to 300 microns.

The two phase HfB₂ --SiB₄ ceramic materials of the present invention are prepared from H₂, HfCl₄, SiCl₄, and BCl₃ by a chemical vapor deposition process. The process is designed so that the reactions occur on the hot substrate surface and not in the vapor phase. For this to happen, the reactant molecules must diffuse through a flow boundary layer that forms in front of the substrate as a result of the flow of the gases through to vacuum reactor system. H₂ and preferably an excess of H₂ is used to strip chlorine from the HfCl₄, SiCl₄, and BCl₃ to increase the reactivity of these compounds. HfCl₄ reacts with BCl₃ to produce HfB₂ and SiCl₄ reacts with BCl₃ to produce SiB₄. If the HfCl₄ and the SiCl₄ are thoroughly mixed in the vapor phase, the HfB₂ phase and the SiB₄ phase will be uniformly distributed throughout the ceramic material produced on the surface of the substrate or object being coated. The stoichiometry of the two reactions can be represented as follows:

    HfCl.sub.4 +2BCl.sub.3 +5H.sub.2 →HfB.sub.2 +10 HCl and(1)

    SiCl.sub.4 +4BCl.sub.3 +8H.sub.2 →SiB.sub.4 +16 HCl.(2)

The relative amount of HfB₂ to SiB₄ in the two phase HfB₂ --SiB₄ ceramic material is a function of (1) the ratio of the concentration of HfCl₄ to the concentration of SiCl₄ in the vapor phase, (2) the ratio of the diffusion rate of HfCl₄ to the diffusion rate of SiCl₄ through the flow boundary layer, and (3) the kinetics of the deposition reactions shown in equations (1) and (2). The concentrations of HfCl₄ and SiCl₄ in the vapor phase are easy to control and adjust. However, the diffusion rates and reaction kinetics are difficult to determine and vary with changing process conditions. Therefore, a preferred procedure is to assume that the diffusion rates of HfCl₄ and SiCl₄ are the same and that the reaction kinetics for the reactions of equations (1) and (2) are the same. The ratio of the molar concentration of HfCl₄ to the molar concentration of SiCl₄ in the vapor phase is adjust to be the same as the molar ratio of HfB₂ to SiB₄ desired in the two phase HfB₂ --SiB₄ ceramic material product. A sample product is then prepared and its composition is analyzed by spectroscopy. The ratio of HfCl₄ to SiCl₄ in the vapor phase is then adjusted to correct the composition of the two phase HfB₂ --SiB₄ product.

The stoichiometric amount of BCl₃ needed is calculated from the amounts of HfCl₄ and SiCl₄ used according to equations (1) and (2). A stoichiometric excess of BCl₃ is preferably used to assure a sufficient amount of boron to react with all of the HfCl₄ and all of the SiCl₄. Specifically, this assures that the slower reacting compound will have all of the boron it needs readily available. The unreacted, excess BCl₃ is removed from the system with the HCl and other waste gases. Thus, the excess BCl₃ does not contaminate the product.

The ratio of the moles of H₂ used to the total number of moles of HfCl₄, SiCl₄, and BCl₃ (N_(total) =N_(HfCl).sbsb.4 +N_(SiCl).sbsb.4 +N_(BCl).sbsb.3) is preferably from 1:1 to 50:1, more preferably from 5:1 to 30:1, and still more preferably from 10:1 to 20:1. Enough H₂ is used to achieve sufficient dissociation of the HfCl₄, SiCl₄, and BCl₃ reactants to efficiently produce the two phase HfB₂ --SiB₄ ceramic material. However, care is taken to avoid using too much H₂ which will produce undesirable metallic deposits.

The substrate temperature (the reaction temperature) is preferably from 1100° to 1300°C. Temperatures above 1300° C. are too high for SiB₄ deposition, and the deposition rate is prohibitively slow at temperatures below 1100° C.

FIGS. 1 and 2 provide a cross-sectional view of a typical apparatus for the formation of the two phase HfB₂ --SiB₄ ceramic material by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). FIG. 1 provides an overall sectional view of the apparatus. Shown is the tube furnace 10 into which a large ceramic tube 12 is inserted. Both ends of the tube 12 extends beyond the furnace 10. Vacuum fittings 14 and 42 close off both ends of the ceramic tube 12. Shown are a H₂ injector 18, a BCl₃ injector 20, a Cl₂ injector 22, and a SiCl₄ injector 24 which are inserted through the vacuum fitting 14 into the ceramic tube 12. FIG. 1 also show the relative positions of the hafnium sponge 28 which reacts with the Cl₂ to produce HfCl₄, the substrate 36 which is to be coated, and the exhaust line 44 which is inserted through the vacuum fitting 42 into the ceramic tube 12. The exhaust line 44 is hooked up to a vacuum system 46.

FIG. 2 shows a more detailed cross-sectional view of the front portion of the CVD apparatus. Shown are the tube furnace 10 and the ceramic tube 12. The ceramic tube 12 is generally made of alumina or mullite. A stainless steel vacuum fitting 14 closes off the end of the ceramic tube 10 with a fluorinated rubber (e.g., VITON) o-ring 16 providing a vacuum seal. The hafnium sponge 28 is support by a first block 26 at the end of the tube furnace 10. In this position the hafnium sponge is kept at about 400° C., a temperature at which it readily reacts with Cl₂ to produce HfCl₄. The substrate 36 is shown supported by a holder 34 which is supported by a second block 32. The substrate 36 is positioned at a point in the tube furnace 10 where the temperature of the substrate 36 will be the desired reaction temperature in the range of from about 1100° C. to about 1300° C. Chlorine gas (Cl₂) passes through the Cl₂ injector 22 which is positioned so that the Cl₂ passes over the hot hafnium sponge and reacts to produce the HfCl₄. The SiCl₄ passes through the SiCl₄ injector 24 so that the SiCl₄ flows over or near the hafnium sponge 28. The SiCl₄ does not react with the hafnium sponge 28. However, injecting the SiCl₄ in the same place as the Cl₂ results in the SiCl₄ and the HfCl₄ being thoroughly mixed as they travel from the hafnium sponge 28 through the region 30 to the substrate 36. The BCl₃ passes through the BCl₃ injector 20 where it is kept isolated until it is released just in front of the substrate 36. This is done to prevent reactions between the BCl₃ and SiCl₄ and HfCl₄ in the vapor phase. Similarly, the H₂ passes through the H₂ injector 18 where it is kept isolated until it is released just in front of the substrate 36. This too is done to prevent vapor phase reactions. Finally, a flow boundary layer 38 forms in front of the substrate 36 as a result of the flow of gases through the system during the process. The reactants must diffuse through this flow boundary layer 38 to reach the substrate 36 where the reactions occur.

Referring again to FIG. 1, the HCl waste product and any unreacted materials (e.g., excess BCl₃ and H₂) flow past the substrate 36 and out the exhaust line 44 to the vacuum system 46.

The general nature of the invention having been set forth, the following examples are presented as specific illustrations thereof. It will be understood that the invention is not limited to these specific examples but is susceptible to various modifications that will be recognized by one of ordinary skill in the art.

EXAMPLE 1 Uniform Two Phase HfB₂ --SiB₂ Coating

The equipment used is the same as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. The vacuum chamber is enclosed by the large ceramic tube 12 and stainless steel vacuum fitting 14 and 42. Fluorinated rubber (e.i., VITON) o-rings 16 provide a vacuum seal between the ceramic tube 12 and the stainless steel vacuum fittings 14 and 42. The total system pressure was maintained at 40 Torr. The graphite substrate 36, which was to be coated, was kept at 1200° C. and a hafnium sponge 32 was kept at about 400° C. Gas flow was begun after the pressure and temperature (substrate and Hafnium sponge) had reached equilibrium. First, H₂ flow was started at 2000 sccm (standard cm³ /minute) through the H₂ injector 18 which released the H₂ 1 inch from the graphite substrate 36. After subsequent pressure fluctuations subsided, Cl₂ (20 sccm), SiCl₄ (10 sccm), and BCl₃ (70 sccm) flows were begun. The Cl₂ flowed through the Cl₂ injector 22 and was released in front of the hafnium sponge 32 so that the Cl₂ flowed over the hafnium sponge with which it reacted to produce a flow of HfCl₄ (10 sccm). Note the flow of HfCl₄ is half that of Cl₂ according to the equation Hf.sub.(s) +2Cl₂(g) →HfCl₄(g). The SiCl₄ flowed through a SiCl₄ injector 24 and was released at the same place as the Cl₂ which was 10 inches from the graphite substrate 36. The SiCl₄ and HfCl₄ flowed together and were thoroughly mixed by the time they reached the graphite substrate. The BCl₃ flowed through the BCl₃ injector 20 and was released 1 inch from the graphite substrate 36. After 70 minutes of deposition time, the gas flows were shut off, and the system was slowly cooled to room temperature. FIG. 3 is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrograph of the two phase HfB₂ --SiB₄ coating produced in this example. The product is a uniform two phase HfB₂ --SiB₄ coating.

EXAMPLE 2 Nonuniform Two Phase HfB₂ --SiB₄ Coating

The conditions were the same as in example 1 except that the positions of the H₂ and SiCl₄ injectors (18 and 24) were reversed. The H₂ was released 10 inches from the graphite substrate 36 and the SiB₄ was released 1 inch from the graphite substrate. In this manner, the SiCl₄ bypassed the Hf chlorination zone (Hafnium sponge 28) and the HfCl₄ and SiCl₄ were not thoroughly mixed before reaching the graphite substrate. After 70 minutes of deposition time, the gas flows were shut off, and the system was slowly cooled to room temperature. FIG. 4 is a SEM micrograph of the two phase HfB₂ --SiB₄ coating produced in this example. The SEM micrograph shows 3 distinct regions: a light colored region, a dark region, and a mix of dark grains on a light region. The dark region is a continuous SiB₄ coating, while the light region is HfB₂. In the mixed region, dark SiB₄ crystals exist in a continuous light-colored HfB₂ matrix. In this manner, a two phase coating was achieved, but the distribution of phases was not uniform across the substrate surface. This is a result of the poor mixing of HfCl₄ and SiCl₄ in the gas phase.

A wide variety of deposition conditions were used in the study of the two-phase deposition. It was eventually found that the deposition conditions leading to the codeposition of HfB₂ and SiB₄ were quite narrow. The preferred temperature range for the substrate (or object) being coated is from about 1100° to about 1300° C. The preferred range for the total system pressure is from about 20 to about 40 Torr. The variables of temperature and pressure, factors that usually influence deposition rate and coating morphology, were not sufficiently different at the high and low extremes of these ranges to substantially change the coating characteristics. The most significant factor affecting the coating morphology and uniformity, however, was the position of the gas injectors during the experiment. In example 1 where the SiCl₄ injector was positioned so that HfCl₄ and SiCl₄ were thoroughly mixed in the gas phase, a uniform two phase HfB₂ --SiB₄ coating was produced (see FIG. 3). However, in example 2 where the SiCl₄ injector was placed so that poor mixing of HfB₂ and SiB₄ occurred in the gas phase, the resulting coating was nonuniform (see FIG. 4). Finally, it was found that varying the relative amount of HfCl₄ and SiCl₄ did change the amounts of HfB₂ and SiB₄ in the coating.

Obviously, other modifications and variations of the present invention may be possible in light of the foregoing teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A two phase HfB₂ --SiB₄ ceramic material comprising a HfB₂ phase and a SiB₄ phase wherein the material comprises from more than zero to less than 100 mole percent HfB₂ with the remainder of the material being SiB₄.
 2. The two phase HfB₂ --SiB₄ ceramic material of claim 1 which comprises from more than 50 to less than 100 mole percent HfB₂ with the remainder of the material being SiB₄.
 3. The two phase HfB₂ --SiB₄ ceramic material of claim 2 which comprises from 60 to 90 mole percent HfB₂ with the remainder of the material being SiB₄.
 4. The two phase HfB₂ --SiB₄ ceramic material of claim 3 which comprises from 70 to 80 mole percent HfB₂ with the remainder of the material being SiB₄.
 5. The two phase HfB₂ --SiB₄ ceramic material of claim 1 wherein the HfB₂ phase and the SiB₄ phase are uniformly distributed throughout the material.
 6. The two phase HfB₂ --SiB₄ ceramic material of claim 5 which comprises from more than 50 to less than 100 mole percent HfB₂ with the remainder of the material being SiB₄.
 7. The two phase HfB₂ --SiB₄ ceramic material of claim 6 which comprises from 60 to 90 mole percent HfB₂ with the remainder of the material being SiB₄.
 8. The two phase HfB₂ --SiB₄ ceramic material of claim 7 which comprises from 70 to 80 mole percent HfB₂ with the remainder of the material being SiB₄.
 9. A two phase HfB₂ --SiB₄ ceramic coating composition comprising a HfB₂ phase and a SiB₄ phase wherein the coating comprises from more than zero to less than 100 mole percent HfB₂ with the remainder of the coating being SiB₄.
 10. The two phase HfB₂ SiB₄ ceramic coating composition of claim 9 wherein the coating is from 1 to 1000 microns thick.
 11. The two phase HfB₂ --SiB₄ ceramic coating composition of claim 10 wherein the coating is from 10 to 300 microns thick.
 12. The two phase HfB₂ --SiB₄ ceramic coating composition of claim 9 which comprises from more than 50 to less than 100 mole percent HfB₂ with the remainder of the coating being SiB₄.
 13. The two phase HfB₂ --SiB₄ ceramic coating composition of claim 12 which comprises from 60 to 90 mole percent HfB₂ with the remainder of the coating being SiB₄.
 14. The two phase HfB₂ --SiB₄ ceramic coating composition of claim 13 which comprises from 70 to 80 mole percent HfB₂ with the remainder of the coating being SiB₄.
 15. The two phase HfB₂ --SiB₄ ceramic coating composition of claim 9 wherein the HfB₂ phase and the SiB₄ phase are uniformly distributed throughout the coating.
 16. The two phase HfB₂ --SiB₄ ceramic coating composition of claim 15 wherein the coating is from 1 to 1000 microns thick.
 17. The two phase HfB₂ --SiB₄ ceramic coating composition of claim 16 wherein the coating is from 10 to 300 microns thick.
 18. The two phase HfB₂ --SiB₄ ceramic coating composition of claim 15 which comprises from more than 50 to less than 100 mole percent HfB₂ with the remainder of the coating being SiB₄.
 19. The two phase HfB₂ --SiB₄ ceramic coating composition of claim 18 which comprises from 60 to 90 mole percent HfB₂ with the remainder of the coating being SiB₄.
 20. The two phase HfB₂ --SiB₄ ceramic coating composition of claim 19 which comprises from 70 to 80 mole percent HfB₂ with the remainder of the coating being SiB₄. 